mm 


$ 


LIBRARY 


OF  THE 


MASSACHUSETTS 

AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 


SOURCE-     Qc  1  Q^e. 

C76 


:-S^- 


This  book  may  be  kept  out; 

TWO  WEEKS 

only  and  is  subject  to  a  fine 
of  TWO  CENTS  a  day  thereafter. 
It  will  be  due  on  the  day  in- 
dicated below. 


2 


^AHo 


Meat,  Milk  and  Money 


How  to  produce  the  latter 
by  increasing  the  former. 


BY 

WM.   G.   CROCKER 


Manager  Feed  Department 

Washburn-Crosby  Co. 

MinneapoHs        Buffalo        Louisville        St.  Louis 


COPYRIGHT,  1904 
Washburn-Crosby  Co. 

U.  S.  A. 


-s,         *. 


^^^^^i^. 


Th 
C 


e 
ow 


T 


HERE   is   nothing    .     ,        ,, 

title,  but  think  of  what  we  \'l 


without  her  and  we  would  quickly  change 
Richard  III.'s  exclamation  to:  '*A  cow,  a 
cow,  my  kingdom  for  a  cow." 

From  time  immemorial  the  good  old 
faithful  cow  has  been  an  object  of  interest 
and  necessity.  In  Bible  times,  long  before 
the  Christian  Era,  we  read  of  the  herds  of 
different  ones,  and.  so  on  down  until  the 
present  period.  But  as  time  has  progressed, 
so  indeed  has  the  study  of  economic  prin- 
ciples, affecting  the  breeding  and  raising  cf 
cattle,  especially  during  the  past  generation. 

The  United  States  Census  Bureau  shows 
that  in  1900  there  were  17,135,033  dairy 
cows  in  this  country.  Each  one  of  these 
cows  is  in  reality  a  milk  factory.  Like  all 
other  manufacturing  enterprises,  the  great 
desire  is  to  produce  the  largest  output  at 
the  least  expense,  and  right  here  is  where 


scientific  research  enters  the  arena.  There 
are  cows  and  cows,  good,  bad  and  indiffer- 
ent; fancy  stock,  common  and  scrubs.  Even 
the  latter  can  be  made  a  paying  proposition 
when  treated  on  a  business  basis.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above  number  of  dairy  cows^ 
the  1900  Census  Report  showed  that  there 
were  35,268,195  other  cattle,  and  including 
calves  and  stock  under  two  years  old,  the 
grand  total  was  69,335,832  neat  cattle,  val- 
ued at'  $1,516,307,270.  From  this  it  is 
evident  that  the  cow  is  the  basis  of  a  very 
important  industry,  not  only  for  the  pro- 
duction of  milk,  but  also  for  that  of  beef. 

NATURE  has  been  very  good  and  con- 
siderate to  man  and  beast.  As  there 
are  great  varieties  of  necessities  and  lux- 
uries for  the  one,  there  is,  indeed,  a  wide 
scope  for  the  other.  But  no  one  would  for 
a  moment  contend  that  a  man  could  exist  1  n  6 
always  on  fruit  cake,  or  even  potatoes ;  so  C*  J 
a  cow  would  have  a  hard  time  of  it  on  a 
diet  of  simply  corn  and  hay.  The  man 
might  (and  probably  would)  subsist  for  a 
time;  but  think  of  the  indigestion.  Of 
course  the  cow  could  live,  but  she  would 
not  give  full  value  received.  If  you  are  not, 
therefore  making  a  study  of  the  economic 
feeding  of  your  cow  or  your  herd,  please 
read  this  through  and  then  get  to  thinking. 
We  \vant  you  to  know  more  about  Wheat 
Mill  Feed;  buy  more  of  it;  use  more  of  it. 
You  will  say  that  our  motive  is  a  selfish 
one.  If  it  is,  we  give  you  full  measure  and 
running  over  for  your  money. 


2,y  o<r^ 


The 

an 


*  I  'HE  versatile  lom  Moore  spoke  well 
■^  when  lie  said :  "As  we  journey  through 
life  let  us  live  by  the  way."  This  can  indeed 
be  construed  very  broadly  and  extended 
to  all  walks  of  life.  Ever^^thing  which  we 
can  do  to  make  life  easier;  to  bring  greater 
comforts  with  least  exertion ;  to  reduce  the 
every-day  drudgeries  to  a  minimum;  to 
give  us  the  best  results  at  the  least  ex- 
pense— this  makes  "living  by  the  way," 
because  it  enables  us  to  get  more  out  of  life. 
But  what  has  this  to  do  with  Mill-feed? 
Simply  this:  That  by  the  use  of  wheat 
Offals  the  Feeder,  the  Dairyman  or  the 
Farmer  can  secure  the  best  results  from 
his  herds.  To  do  without  these  products 
is  the  worst  kind  of  false  economy.  There 
is  no  more  honorable  or  independent  voca- 
tion than  Farming,  Dairying  or  Stock  Rais- 
ing, but  the  chances  are  that  not  one  out  of 
ten  thousand  interested  in  these  lines  is  in 
business  for  his  health.  Like  all  humanity, 
he  is  after  the  great  American,  Dollar.  He 
is  not  working  from  sunrise  to  sunset  every 


day  in  the  week  and  every  week  in  the 
year  except  to  put  dollars  in  the  bank,  or 
to  buy  comforts  for  his  family  or  himself. 
The  constant  desire  is  to  get  more  dollars, 
and  the  best  way  to  get  them  is  to  feed 
more  Wheat  Bran  and  Middlings.  This  is 
a  bold  assertion,  but  it  is  the  honest  truth, 
supported  by  arguments  and  experiments 
actually  too  numerous  to  mention. 

WITH  the  introduction  of  Agricultural 
Experiment  Stations  in  nearly  every 
State  in  the  Union,  and  the  development  The 
of  scientific  research,  the  splendid  merits  Research 
of  wheat  by-products  have  been,  and  are 
being  more  and  more  fully  recognized  and 
their  use  agitated  and  urged.  Wheat  Bran 
is  to-day  the  best  stock-food  on  the  market, 
and  we  beg  to  call  your  attention  to  a  few 
tables  and  statements  of  eminent  authori- 
ties on  this  subject. 

We  wish  every  farmer  and  feeder  in  the 
country  could  own  and  would  peruse  care- 
fully a  copy  of  Prof.  W.  A.  Henry's  compre- 
hensive work  entitled  "Feeds  and  Feeding." 


A  few 

words  from 

Prof. 

W.  A.  Henry 


Nearly  twenty  years  ago  the  millers  of  Min- 
neapolis issued  a  pamphlet  on  the  subject  of 
Wheat  Bran  under  the  title  of  "How  to 
]\Iake  Beef."  We  doubt  if  we  could  do  bet- 
ter to-day  than  to  have  it  reprinted  and  cir- 
culated widely.  In  this  Prof.  Henry  was 
quoted  freely, and  among  other  things  said: 

"Food  for  man  or  beast  can  be  divided 
into  three  classes;  first  protein  or  albumen, 
second  cairbohydrates,  third  fat.  We  can 
make  them  simply  two  classes,  because  fat 
serves  the  same  function  in  digestion  as  the 
carbohydrates." 

"Protein  is  that  which  goes  to  make 
muscle  or  the  lean  meat  of  the  body.  The 
white  of  an  egg  is  almost  pure  protein;  bran 
and  oil  meals  are  rich  in  protein." 

"Sugar  and  starch  are  almost  pure  car- 
bohydrates, while  the  fiber  of  hay,  straw  and 
stalks  belong  to  the  same  list.  In  protein 
we  have  the  same  elements,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  one  more  element  that  we  have  in 
carbohydrates.  We  have  for  a  carbohydrate 
the  three  elements,  carbon,  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  three  gases  which  in  a  plant  may 


combine  and  produce  carbohydrates.  Now 
in  protein  there  is  one  more  element  neces- 
sary; if  you.  have  carbon,  hydrogen  and  oxy- 
gen and  add  nitrogen,  you  will  have  pro- 
tein. Now,  nitrogen  is  the  negative  ele- 
ment.  It  is  nitrogen  that  gets  into  all  our 
wonderful  explosives,  in  nitro-glycerine, 
and  all  these  explosive  compounds.  It  is 
not  only  tricky  in  explosions,  but  easily 
changes  its  relations  with  other  elements. 
Nitrogen  is  not  only  the  basic  structure  of 
these  compounds  that  I  have  spoken  of,  but 
it  is  the  expensive  part  of  our  food.  Eggs, 
lean  meat,  cheese,  bran,  oil  meal ;  food  for 
man  or  beast,  rich  in  nitrogen,  are  expensive 
as  compared  with  corn  stalks,  hay,  straw, 
starch,  sugar  beets,  turnips  or  vegetables 
which  lack  nitrogen,  or  contain  it  in  small 
quantities  only." 

Everyone  knows  that  raising  wheat 
takes  the  fertility  out  of  the  soil,  and  for  the 
time  being  this  is  all  very  well  for  the  vir- 
gin farms  of  the  west,  but  in  time  this 
strength  must  be  returned  to  the  ground 
in  some  manner,  and  we  naturally  turn  to 
fertilizers. 


Protein 


The 

Wheat 

Berry 


AVERY  large 
percentage  of 
protein  is  found  in 
the  outside,  or  Bran, 
of  the  wheat  kernel. 
It  is  the  protein  that 
comes  from  the  soil 
and  contains  the 
nitrogen,  therefore 
the  fertilizing 
quality  of  the  wheat. 
Starch  has  little 
value  as  a  fertilizer. 
pAs  Prof.  Henry  said 
further: 
low,  bMtcli  is  not  manure.  If  you  put 
aton'*bf  stcifcii  on  the  ground  it  wouldn't  be 
worth  a  cent  as  a  fertilizer.  It  is  only  min- 
eral substance -5  Hke  lime,  phosphates  and 
potash  that  are  of  value.  There  is  a  little 
fertility,  of  course,  in  the  wheat  straw,  but 
most  of  it  is  stored  up  in  the  outside  of  the 
wheat  grain,  so  when  you  have  sold  your 
wheat  and  the  miller  gives  you  back  the. 
Bran,  you  have  sold  very  little  of  value  so 
far  as  the  fertility  of  your  land  is  con- 
cerned." 

The  common  farm  products,  corn-starch, 
corn-stalks  and  even  Indian  corn  itself  are 
rich  in  carbohydrates,  but  deficient  in  pro- 
tein; therefore,  to  equalize  his  rations  the 
feeder  must  buy  protein  foods,  and  Wheat 
Bran  should  be  the  first  choice. 


AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT 
STATION  COMMENTS. 

PLEASE    note  the  following   from  bul- 
letins issued  by    various    Agricultural 
Experiment  Stations: 

The  valuable  ingredients  in  animal  foods  are  ash 
or  mineral  matter,  protein,  fat  and  a  class  of  com- 
pounds called  carbohydrates,  of  which  starch,  sugar 
and  crude  fiber  are  the  most  important  examples. 
Although  the  ash  or  mineral  matter  is  essential  to 
the  well  being  of  the  animal,  it  is  abundantly  sup- 
plied by  most  rriaterials  one  is  likely  to  feed,  so  what 
one  most  needs  to  consider  in  buying  and  using  cat- 
tle foods  are  protein,  fat  and  carbohydrates. 

A  sufficient  supply  of  protein  in  the  food  is  in- 
dispensable. The  working  animal  depends  upon  it 
to  replenish  and  repair  its  working  machinery,  the 
growing  animal  to  make  muscle  and  build  up  its 
whole  system,  the  sheep  to  make  wool  and  the  milch 
cozv  to  make  the  casein  and  albumen  of  its  milk. 
No  othen  substance  can  take  its  place,  or  be  manu- 
factured into  protein  by  the  body. — Maine  Bulletin 
No.  80. 

The  most  valuable  constituent  of  a  feeding  stufif, 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  purchaser,  is  protein. — 
Maine  Bulletin  No.  102. 


The 

Necessity 
of 
Protein 


lArANURIAL  VALUE. 

The  mineral  constituents  in  the  following  table 
have  been  compiled  from  "The  Fertility  of  the 
Land,"  The  amounts  given,  of  water,  ash,  nitrogen, 
phosphoric  acid  and  potash,  are  for  one  thousand 
pounds  of  feeds: 

ELEMENTS    CF  FERTILITY   IN    1,000  LEi?. 


The 

Fertility 

of  the 

Land 


r^ 

'3 

> 

£C 

.« 

fi   . 

Vj 

to 

£C 

So- 

"  to 

O  03 

0.0 

2i 

a  a 

oSo 

EX. 

k:- 

<'^ 

12;"^ 

Ph- 

pL,'-' 

w^ 

C3 

870 
779 

10 

1.2 
14 

.9 
1.1 

2.8 
3.7 

1  .65 

Corn  silage,  green 

.82 

Beets,  sugar 

(is 

820 

8.1 

1.7 

.8 

3.7 

.88 

Mangel-wurzel... 

873 

12.2 

1.7 

.9 

3.8 

.90 

Wheat  straw 

80 

136 

53.0 

.64 

2.2 

6.3 

.94 

Potatoes 

197 

750 

11. 

1.4 

1.6 

5.7 

1.04 

Brewer's    grains. 

wet 

loS 

762 

12.4 

6.2 

4.2 

.5 

2.16 

55 

145 

57. 

1.9 

2.8 

17.7 

2.38 

Corn  fodder  with 

ears — 

92 

37.4 

4.0 

2.9 

14.0 

2.64 

Corn  stover 

15!) 

45.3 

2.7 

3.8 

IH.4 

2.57 

Timothy  hay. 

69 

143 

41.1 

4.4 

5.0 

14.1 

2.95 

Mixed  hav 

393 
149 

137 
130 

64.5 

14.8 

9.9 
12.6 

4.1 

5.7 

13.2 
3.7 

4.33 

Indian  Corn 

4.34 

Buckwheat 

20 

141 

27.7 

12.3 

6.9 

3.0 

4.34 

Hominy  feed 

89 

22.1 

12.0 

9.8 

4.9 

4.68 

Buckwheat  bran.. 

5 

156 

28. 

118 

4.2 

12.7 

4.82 

1128 
560 
257 

143 
133 
134 

24.8 
31.0 
19.8 

13.9 
14.7 

15.8 

7.9 
6.9 
8.6 

4.8 
4.8 
5.8 

5.04 

Oats 

5.16 

Rye      

5.72 

Wheat   

1358 
93 

134 
132 

17.1 

58.0 

16.3 
19.5 

8.7 
26.9 

5.5 
15.2 

5.84 

Wheat  Bran 

9.24 

—From  Ithaca  Bulletin  No.  154. 


Starch 


The  intelligent  buyer  of  feeding  stuffs  who  has 
his  barns  well  filled  with  hay,  corn  fodder  and  silage 
will  have  very  little  use  for  these  feeds  low  in  pro- 
tein content. — Maine  Bulletin  No.  80. 

Purchasers  are  advised,  however,  to  give  the  pref-       Not 
erence  to  those  articles  branded  with  the  names  of 
reputable   manufacturers    or   to   examine   the  article 
closely  before  buying  in  order  to  note  the  quality. —       but 
Massachusetts,  Hatch  Bulletin  No.  78.  Protein 

There  is  so  much  profit  in  selling  ground  corn 
cobs  and  broom  corn  at  the  price  of  wheat  bran,  that 
the  consumer  must  ever  be  on  the  watch  against  this 
fraud.  The  safest  thing  is  to  buy  only  well  known, 
reliable  brands  of  this  class  of  goods.  If  consum- 
ers will  see  to  it  that  all  of  this  class  of  feeds  which 
they  buy  carries  the  name  of  the  miller,  there  will 
be  little  likelihood  of  their  being  defrauded. — Maine 
Bulletin  No.  92. 

It  is  poor  economy  for  the  farmer  to  purchase 
starchy  feeds,  since  he  can  produce  them  more  eco- 
nomically.— Massachusetts,  Hatch  Bulletin  No.  93. 

Bran    from    our    flouring   mills    makes    the    ideal 
grain  dairy  feed.     It  is  obtainable  in  almost  all  sec- 
tions, is  good  combined  with  other  grains  and  comes       Dfan 
nearest  to  making  a  successful  ration  of  any  grain       Safe 
fed  alone.     It  is  a  safe  feed  when  used  in  large  ra- 
tions and   continuously. 

From  our  experience  we  find  a  mixture  of  bran 
and  corn  better  when  the  animals  are  on  full  feed. 
The  proportion  averaging  best  is  about  3  parts  bran 
to  2  parts  ground  corn.  If  the  animal  is  too  fat  the 
proportion  of  corn  should  be  reduced.  In  summer 
when  on  pasture  and  it  is  desired  to  feed  a  small 
amount  of  grain,  we  found  bran  alone  to  average 
better  than  a  mixture  of  corn  and  bran. — Kentucky 
Bulletin  No.  106. 

On  the  other  hand,  bran  is  bought  not  simply  as 
a  desirable  bulky  and  laxative  food,  but  especially 
because,  on  account  of  its  percentage  of  protein  be- 
ing much  higher  than  that  of  corn,  the  nutritive  ratio 
of  an  ordinary  mixed  food  may  be  narrowed  by  its 
use.  The  digestion  experiments  compiled  by  Lind- 
sey  (Report  of  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  1896),  while  too  few  to  be  conclusive, 
nevertheless  indicate  an  appreciably  higher  digesti- 
bility for  the  protein  of  spring  wheat  bran.  Fur- 
thermore, existing  analyses  indicate  that  spring 
wheat  is,  on  the  average,  one  per  cent  richer  in  pro- 
tein than  are  the  winter  varieties.     In  all  wheat  the 


Spring 

Wheat  Bran 

richer  in 

Protein 

than  Winter 


p<-  n-    '    -     ■  '  >.  1  h  ui    of  the 

'4   is   so   con- 
;'  I    '  lie  true   skin, 

also  most  '-      :-  proteid  aleuronc 

byer,  it  won  ;  Ov  .-.,.^.1^..  ^.,..^  u.iC  bran  from  spring 
wheat  would  prove  considerably  richer  in  protein; 
so  that,  both  because  of  its  digestibility  and  its  com- 
position, it  would  be  expected  to  stand  superior  to 
that  from  winter  wheat. — Pennsylvania  Bulletin  No. 
48. 

WT?fTER    W'lIEAT    ERAX. 

No   of  Per  Cknt  Protein 
Analyses.      Av.      High.     Low 

Maine  (Bartlett) 9  14.60      15.70      13.C0 

Massachusetts  (Lindsey)     4  16.18       17.25       15.50 

Combined 13  15.09      17.25      IS.eO 

SPRING     WHEAT     BRAN, 

Maine  (Bartlett) 11         15.60      16.20       15.10 

Massachusetts  (Lindsey)  18  16.51  17.52  15.50 
Combined 29        16.16      17.52      15.10 

Grouping  all  figures  for  protein,  23  analyses  of 
winter  brans  show  15.14  per  cent,  and  58  analyses  of 
spring  brans  show  16.23  per  cent. 

These  data  lead  clearly  to  this  conclusion : 
That,  on  the  average,  despite  the  'higher  market 
price,  winter  bran  furnishes  a  smaller  quantity  of 
nitrogenous '  nutrients  to  the  animal  because  of  its 
inferiority  in  composition,  and,  possibly,  of  its  lower 
digestibility. — Pennsylvania  Bulletin  No.  48. 


13 


One  of  the  finest  farms  in  this  country  is  that 
of  Air.  Hamilton  McK.  Twomhly  of  New  York 
City— Florham  Farms  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  under 
the  very  able  management  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Hope, 
who  \vrites  us  as  follows  under  date  of  April 
15th,  1904: 

Of  all  the  cereal  by-products,  wheat  bran  is  the 
one  I  should  like  the  least  to  be  without.  I  consider 
it  indispensable  in  the  rearing  of  dairy  calves  and 
as  the  main  feature  in  the  ration  for  cows  around 
calving  time.  Its  laxative  properties  and  palatabil- 
ity  make  it  especially  desirable  and  incline  one  to 
give  it  a  preference  over  everything  else. 

Outside  of  its  value  as  determined  by  analysis,  it 
performs  a  useful  part  in  giving  added  bulk  to  the 
heavy  concentrated  feeds  like  cotton-seed  and  oil 
m.eals,  and  rendering  the  latter  much  more  safe  to 
feed. 


Unimpeach- 
able 
Testimony 


Mr.  J.  L.Hope 


Figures  talk,  so  look  at  the  following  records 
of  two  cows  belonging  to  Mr.  Twombly's  herd  : 

The  World's   Year's   Butter  Fat  Record  Broken. 


Guernsey  Cow,  Imp.  Charmante  of  the  Gron  14442, 
Adv.  R.  74  Makes  Official  Record  from  Oct.  11, 
1902,  to  Oct.  10,  1903,  of  11,874.76  lbs.  Milk, 
676.46  lbs.  Butter-fat. 

Charmante  of  the  Gron,  No.  14442,  was  imported 
by  Mr.  H.  McK.  Twombly  in  igoi  from  the  herd  of 
Mr.  E.  A.  Hambro  of  Kent,  England.  She  was 
dropped  July  7,  1856,  and  is  registered  on  the  Island 
as  3944  P.  S.,  R.  G.  A.  S.  Her  sire  is  His  Majesty 
952  P.  S.,  R.  G.  A.  S.,  and  her  dam  was  Charmante 
5th,  2619  P.  S.,  R.  G.  A.  S.,  known  in  England  as 
McCharmante  4890  E.  G.  H.  B.  She  was  bred  by 
Mr.  J.  Bourgaize,  Gron,  St.  Savior's,  Guernsey. 
Charmante  of  the  Gron  is  a  very  well  marked  cow, 
of  good  dairy  conformation,  with  excellent  udder, 
and  a  great  credit  to  the  breed  and  to  Mr.  Twom- 
bly's choice  herd.  She  dropped  a  bull  calf  Oct.  6, 
1902,  and  he  is  developing  into  an  animal  of  much 
promise,  and  is  known  as  Florham  King,  No.  8401. 

Her  year's  record  began  Oct.  11,  1902,  and  the 
requirements  for  her  admission  to  The  Advanced 
Register  were  10,000  lbs.  milk;  360  lbs.  butter-fat. 
The  results  of  her  year's  work  are  as  follows: 


Figures 


IMP.   CHARMANTE   OF  THE  GRON. 

fbs.  Il3s   Butter  %  Butter 

Milk.  Fat.  Fat. 

Oct.  11-31 693.56  33.98  4.9 

Nov 1194.94  63.33  5.3 

Dec 1142.25  61.68  5.4 

Jan 1121.06  68  38  6.1 

Feb 1019.25  58.10  5.7 

March 1108.50  62  08  5.6 

April 997.40  59.84  6.0 

May 1078.20  66.85  6.2 

June 1013.00  56,72  5.6 

July 864.85  49.30  5.7 

Aug 769.45  43.86  5.7 

Sept 710.25  42.62  6  0 

Oct.  1-10 162.05  9.72  6.0 

Total 11874.76  676.46  Av.  5.7 


Not 

Guess 
Work 


This  record  was  supervised  in  connection  with 
the  New  Jersey  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 
Not  only  does  the  work  of  the  year  greatly  exceed 
the  requirements  of  the  Register,  but  it  is  the  best 
year's  record  of  a  cow  of  any  breed  in  the  world, 
where  public  supervision  has  been  given  same.  It 
is  equivalent  to  7S9.2  lbs.  of  butter,  or  an  average 
of  2.16  lbs.  of  butter  a  dav. 


14 


Mr.  J.  L.  Hope,  the  able  superintendent  of  Mr. 
Twombly's  Florham  Farms,  gives  the  following 
data  as  to  the  feed  consumed  by  the  cow  during 
the  year : 

Bran, 1726  lbs. 

Gluten, 833    " 


Cotton  Seed  Meal, 
Linseed  Meal, 
Corn  Meal,     .    .    . 
Middlings,    .    .    . 


160 
134 

58 
58 


Total, 2969  lbs.,  or  8  lbs.  a  day. 


For  roughage  she  had  corn  ensilage,  beets  or 
mangels  and  mixed  haj  in  winter.  In  summer,  in 
addition  to  pasturage,  she  had  in  season,  oats  and 
peas,  green  clover,  alfalfa  and  corn  fodder. 

This  record  is  certainly  a  credit  to  the  cow  and 
her  owner,  and  to  the  careful  management  which 
Mr.  Hope  has  given  her.— TJie  Herd  Register  and 
Breeder's  Joitriial. 


Year's   Record  of  liip.    Pretoria, 
Xo.  14443.     -^-dv.  R.  73. 

11,528.84  lbs.  Milk;   595.35  lbs   Butter-fat. 

Among  the  many  good  cows  at  Florham  Farms, 
owned  by  ]\'Ir.  H.  AlcK.  Twombly  at  Madison,  N.  J., 
is  the  cow,  Imported  Pretoria  14443,  which  was 
registered  on  the  Island  as  R.  G.  A.  S.  4416  P.  S. 
She  was  bred  by  J.  G.  Browning  of  St.  Martin's 
Parish,  being  dropped  Jan.  12th,  1808.  Her  sire 
was  Moderator  1051  P.  S.,  and  dam  May  Lady  3rd 


Bran 

58% 


15 


2461  p.  S.  She  was  imported  from  the  Island  by 
Mr.  'i'wombly  at  the  same  time  Charmante  was, 
and  is  in  markings  and  conformation  a  very  worthy 
follower  of  the  latter  cow. 

She  was  fresh  Oct.  ist,  1902,  and  commenced 
her  record  Oct.  5th.  In  the  following  twelve  months 
she  gave  as  follows : 

,     IMP.     PRETORT.'V     I4443.      ADV.     K.    y2>- 

lbs.  ]l)s.  Butter  %  Butter 

Milk.  Fat.  Fat. 

Oct  5-31 .' 1028.94  41.16  4.0 

Nov 1076.94  49.54  4.6 

Dec 1068.75  55.58  5.2 

Jan.,  190,1 1028.31  53.47  5.2 

Feb 955.30  46.81  4  9 

March 1002.90  52.15  5.2 

April 934.70  49.54  5.3 

Mav 1045.70  59.60  5.7 

June 1023.15  53.20  5.2 

Julv 875.95  48.18  5.5 

Aug 793.80  44.45  5  6 

Sept 627.65  37.66  6.0 

Oct.  1-4 66.75  4.01  6.0 

Total 11528.84      595  35      Av.  5  3 

She  being  fully  a  year  and  a  half  younger  than 
Charmante  her  requirements  for  admission  were 
only  9,631.75  lbs.  milk  and  350  lbs.  butter-fat.  She 
equalled  her  requirements  and  also  produced  enough 
more  to  entitle  her  to  third  place  in  the  list  of  official 
records. 

Her  management  and  care  was  similar  to  that 
of  Charmante.  The  rough  fodder  being  the  same. 
The  grain  fed  during  the  year : 

Bran 1450  lbs. 

B                              Gluten 685    " 
f  ^I^                     Cotton  Seed  Meal  .      135    " 
^fifiL                    Linseed  (Oil)  Meal  .    116    " 
■^^                         Corn  Meal    ....        44    " 
Middlings 44    " 

Total 2480  lbs.,  or  6.79  lbs.  daily 

This  is  practically  another  two-pound-a-day  but- 
ter record  for  a  year. — TJie  Herd  Register  and 
Breeders'  Journal. 

These  are  official.  What  did  it?  Bran  cer- 
tainly zvas  the  largest  item  in  the  concentrates, 
being  ^8  per  cent  in  each  case.  Was  this 
simply  a  guess  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Hope  ?  We 
hardly  think  so. 


16 


Please  read  the  following-  from  Air.  James  J. 
Hill,  president.  Great  Northern  Railway  Co. : 

St.  Paul,  Minn.,  May  gth,   1904. 
Washkurn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen  : — Repl3'ing  to  '  3-our  letter  of  the 
5th  instant,  in  regard  to  the  use  of  bran  for  animal 
food,  I  beg  to  sa}'  that  I  consider  zvhcat  bran  as  the 
best  basis  of  mixture  for  animal  food  rations.  While 
its  value  as  food  is  good,  its  use  adds  to  the  value  of 
other  foods  bj-  facilitating  digestion  and  assimila- 
tion. This  applies  generally  to  feeding  in  all  its 
branches.     Yours  truly, 

(Signed)    JAMES  J.   HILL. 

Is  this  a  g-uess  en  the  part  of  Mr.  Hill? 
AMiy  does  it  have  any  significance?  Simply 
because  it  shows  that  this  master-mind  adopts 
all  methods  that  are  improvements  to  anything 
in  Avhich  he  may  he  interested,  whether  it  be 
food  for  his  herd  on  his  splendid  farm  at  Vad- 
nais  Park.  Minnesota  ;  a  new  style  locomotive ; 
an  increased  capacity  car  :  or  a  new  mammoth 
steamer  for  the  Orient.  Mr.  Hill  started  in 
life  a  poor  man  ;  he  improved  his  opportuni- 
ties :  he  grasped  the  situation  and  today  is  a 
recognized  leader  in  the  railroad  and  financial 
world.  If  he  with  his  great  enterprise  has 
time  to  look"  into  details  and  economic  condi- 
tions of  his  farm,  zvon't  it  pay  you  to  do  so. 


Mr. 

Jas.  J.  Hill 


Bran 
the  best 
Basis 


17 


Mr.Wm.  H. 
Dunwoody 


Bran 
Indispensable 


Following  is  a  letlci  i  ■  -"  William  H. 
Dunwood}",  f'"re>;i(leiit  -,1  u  _  ^Northwestern 
National  Bank,  also  Prch-ideni  cl  the  St.  An- 
thony &  Dakota  Ekvatur  Co.,  as  well  as  Vice 
President  of  and  Director  in  a  half  dozen 
prominent  institutions  of  J^.linneapolis,  He  has 
been  eminently  successful  in .  business,  and 
therefore  at  his  Woodhill  Farm  he  feeds  his 
stock  on  bran — because  it  is  economy  and 
wisdom  to  do  so.  Don't  you  think  you  better 
get  in  line? 

Woodhill    Farm,    Wayzata,    Minn. 
June  24,    1904. 
Washeurn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Dear  Sirs  :■ — I  regard  the  use  of  Bran  indis- 
pensable in  feeding  either  dairy,  breeding  or  fatten- 
ing stock.  In  our  special  case,  raising  high  class 
Scotch  Short  Horns,  we  use  it  as  the  basis  of  all 
of  the  various  rations.  The  mixture  is  at  times 
ground  corn,  oats  or  barley,  and  at  other  times  en- 
silage or  roots.  In  every  instance  we  start  with 
a  good  proportion  of  Wheat  Bran.  Our  animals  al- 
ways do  well  and  prove  by  their  condition  the  value 
of  our  method  of  feeding. 

(Signed)  WM.  H.  DUNWOODY, 

Proprietor  Woodhill  Farms. 


Agricultural   College,  Mich ,  April  7,   1904. 
Washburn-Crosby   Co., 

Minneapolis,  J\Iinn. 

Gentlemen  : — I  have  your  letter  of  the  4th  inst. 
and  beg  to  reply  as  follows : 

The  value  of  a  feeding  stuff  can  hardly  be  meas- 
ured by  chemical  analysis  even  when  that  analysis 
is  accompanied  by  careful  digestion  experiments. 
Other  factors  of  supreme  importance  to  be  consid- 
ered in  measuring  a  food  beside  its  chemical  com- 
position and  its  digestibility  and  ultimate  effect  of 
food  upon  the  animal  is  not  measured  by  its  chemi- 
cal composition  and  its  digestibility  alone.  The 
physiological  effect  of  a  feeding  stuff  includes  its 
chemical  composition  and  digestibility  and  the  in- 
dividual characteristics  and  peculiar  qualities  of  the 
food  itself,  characteristics  and  peculiarities  which 
cannot  be  determined  by  long  courses  of  feeding 
but  which  after  all  point  out  the  real  values  of  the 
material.  Wheat  bran,  formerly  despised  and  re- 
jected, has  become  almost  a  cornerstone  of  dairy 
feeding.  There  are  feeds  that  are  richer  in  pro- 
tein, like  cottonseed  meal  and  linseed  meal,  but  none 
of  them  possess  that  peculiar  adaptability  to  the 
wants  of  iJie  dairy  cozu'  that  characterizes  wheat 
bran.  Other  feeding  stuffs,  like  corn  meal  and  oats, 
approach  wheat  bran  in  chemical  composition  and 
digestibility,  but  they  too  lack  that  peculiar  principle 
that  adapts  them  to  the  wants  of  the  dairy  cow.  The 
long  continued  experience  of  dairymen  in  Wiscon- 
sin, Michigan,  Iowa,  Illinois,  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania, has  increased  the  just  popularity  of  wheat 


Prof. 

C.  D.  Smith 


Bran  the 
Corner-stone 


19 


Here  is 
Economy 


Middlings 

and  Bran 

for  Calves 


lut  chemical  require- 
.-es  the  desired  physio- 
logical ifftri  -(  n-ni  of  the  tow  that  the 
dairymen   -> 

I  do  not  s.'u  in.it  a  ration  cannot  be  combined  of 
the  coarser  grains,  like  corn  and  oats  with  clover  hay 
and  silage,  which  will  not  be  eminently  satisfactory. 
I  know  that  such  a  ration  can  be  combined  because 
I  have  succeeded  in  making  up  such  combinations 
of  them  and  have  found  them  satisfactory.  No 
claim  can  be  made  that  wheat  bran  or  any  other 
of  the  by-products  of  the  flouring  mills  are  indis- 
pensable, but  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that  a  more 
satisfactory  ration  can  be  made  with  wheat  bran  as 
a  basis  than  can  possibly  be  made  without  it.  A 
farmer  who  has  corn  and  oats  will  seldom  find  a 
time  when,  at  current  prices,  he  can  afford  to  feed 
his  oats  rather  than  exchange  at  least  a  part  of  them 
for  wheat  bran.  For  instance,  with  oats  at  32c  per 
bu.,  he  would  better  sell  them  and  buy  bran  if  lie 
can  get  it  at  anything  less  than  ^24.00  per  ton.  He 
will  get  his  protein  cheaper,  and  besides  will  get  the 
advantage  of  the  peculiar  physiological  effect  of  the 
wheat  bran  itself. 

What  is  true  of  wheat  bran  for  dairy  cows  is 
true  of  middlings  for  pigs  and  calves.  I  know  that 
theoretically  if  you  are  to  take  the  cream  from  the 
milk  you  should  supply  its  place  with  something- 
containing  a  large  per  cent  of  oil,  but  if  you  are 
feeding  young  calves  I  have  never  found  anything- 
better  than  linseed  meal  one  part,  wheat. bran  one 
part,  middlings  one  part  and  whole  oats  two  parts, 
as    a   combination   .grain  feed   for  calves   from   four 


weeks  old  up  as  long  as  they  are  fed  skim-milk, 
the  grain  feed  being  fed  not  in  the  milk,  but  sepa- 
rately and  dry  in  a  trough  and  given  to  the  calves 
as  soon  as  they  have  finished  drinking  their  por- 
tion of  the  skim-milk.  I  have  found  that  the  calves 
take  to  this  combination  with  avidity,  and  eating 
it  just  after  drinking  the  skim-milk  satisfies  their 
natural  instinct  to  suck  something.  I  should 
hardly  know  how  to  bring  up  calves  on  skim- 
milk  without  bran  and  middlings.  I  have  tried 
corn  meal  ground  fine,  raw  and  boiled,  but  the  mill- 
feeds  have,  in  my  experience,  de)nonstrated  their 
superiority.  For  young  pigs,  too,  I  know  of  noth- 
ing to  take  the  place  of  middlings  with  the  skim- 
milk.  Here  we  add  some  corn  meal,  but  never 
feed  young  pigs  on  corn  alone.  I  remember  trying 
on  my  own  farm,  the  feeding  of  more  condensed 
protein  with  the  corn  and  skim-milk,  but  have  never 
had  so  good  success  with  pigs  under  one  hundred 
pounds  in  weight  as  when  I  fed  middlings  two 
parts  and  corn  meal  one  part  with  the  skim-milk, 
and  of  the  two  it  would  be  better  to  omit  the  corn 
than  the  middlings.  All  through  the  corn  belt, 
therefore,  middlings  are  practically  indispensable  for 
young  pigs. 

With  early  lambs,  coming  in  December  for  the 
early  spring  trade  to  be  sold  at  a  weight  of  fifty 
pounds  or  thereabouts,  wheat  bran  is  also  indispen- 
sable. The  young  lambs  are  fed  in  a  pen  separate  from 
their  dams,  on  a  variety  of  grains,  oats,  cracked  corn, 
wheat  bran  and  a  very  little  linseed  meal  with  the 
half  of  a  mangel  nailed  against  the  wall  for  dessert. 
The  wheat  bran  regulates  the  bowels  of  the  young 


Middlings 
Indispensable 
for  Pigs 


F^'T^Bc^ 


21 


!-  '        cems  quite  to  do. 

F  t-iise  with  the  bran 

if  we  Have  clover  nay  and  corn.  In  the  absence  of 
clover  ha}',  v/heat  bran  is  well  nigh  indispensable 
as  a  bowel  regulator  where  timothy  hay  and  corn 
stalks  form  the  ration. 

My  experience  with  low  grade  flours  is  too  lim- 
ited to  make  my  opinion  of  any  value. 
Yours  respectfully,- 

( Signed)    C.    D.   SMITH. 
Director  Michigan  Experiment  Station. 


Bran  the 
Standard 


College    of    Agriculture    and    Agricultural    Ex- 
periment Station, 
Cornell  University. 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  April  8th,  '04. 
Mr.  W.  G.  Crocker, 

Care  Washburn-Crosby  Co., 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 
De.'Vr  Sir  : — Yours  of  April  4th,  to  Prof.  Rob- 
erts, has  been  referred  to  me.  It  seems  hardly  nec- 
essary at  this  late  date  to  say  very  much  in  reply 
to  your  question.  Bran  and  other  wheat  by-prod- 
ucts, when  clean  and  of  good  quality,  are  so  stand- 
ard a  food  all  over  the  country  as  to  require  no  tes- 
timonials as  to  their  value. 

Yours  very  truly, 

(Signed)  H.  H.  WING,' 
Professor  of  Animal  Plusbandry. 


WoosTEE^  Ohio,  April  i6th,  '04. 
Washburn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen: — Replying  to  yours   of  the   nth,   I 
have  to   say  that  Wheat  Bran  seems   to  be  practi- 
cally   indispensable    to    profitable    feeding    of    cattle. 
We   use  it  as  the  basis   of  all  our  rations,   mixing 
with  it  whatever  other  materials  we  may  desire  to 
use ;  using  it  not  only  for  its  nutritive  value,  but  for 
the  further  value  which  we  believe  it  has  of  separa- 
ting the  finer  particles  of  other  feeds,  thus  enabling 
the  digestive  fluids  to  act  upon  them  more  effectu- 
ally.    You  will  see  that  this  last   reason   for   using 
bran  will  not  apply  to  other  forms  of  mill  feed,  and 
therefore  we  do  not  use  any  other   wheat  products 
than  bran,  preferring  corn  meal,  oil  meal,   etc.,  for 
the  completion  of  our  rations. 
Yours  truly, 
(Signed)   CHAS.   E.  THORNE, 
Director     Ohio    Agricultural    Experiment    Station. 


Bran  the 
Basis 


College  Park,  Prince  George  Co.,  Md., 
April  18,   1904. 
Washburn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen  : — In  answer  to  your  inquiry  of 
recent  date,  would  say  that  the  great  value  of  Wheat 
Bran,  and  all  the  wheat  by-products,  as  stock  food 
has  been  demonstrated  by  numerous  chemical  analy- 
ses   and    digestion    experiments,    and     these     results 


Confirmed 
by  the  Cow 


hazr  been  eoniirmcd^-l 

live  stock.    There  wort 

higher  evideiict-   luinired  m  con'' 

the   merits   of  these   standard   iVi  <','- 

Very  truly  y 

(Signed)   H.  J.  PATTERSON, 

Director,    Maryland    Agricultural    Experiment    Sta- 
tion. 


Bran  always 
Reliable 


Burlington,  Vt..   April  8th,   1904. 
Washburn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Gentlemen  : — Replying  to  yours  of  the  5th 
would  say  that  our  idea  as  to  the  value  of  wheat 
bran  is,  perhaps,  as  well  expressed  by  our  deeds  as 
by  our  words.  We  buy,  and  have  bought  for  the 
past  ten  years,  two  cars  yearly  to  feed  our  cows.  / 
should  not  care  to  try  to  make  up  a  dairy  grain  ration 
without  including  bran  as  the  basis  thereof. 

Similarly  I  may  say  for  middlings  that  we  have 
used  these  for  years  in  connection  with  skim-milk 
in  the  growing  of  pork,  and  believe  them  eminently 
adapted  to  the  purpose. 

I  cannot  speak  so  favorably  for  the  so-called 
"mixed  feed"  as  I  can  for  either  bran  or  middlings. 
We  do  not  use  it,  and  are  inclined  to  believe  that 
it  is  less  satisfactory  in  the  long  run,  taking  one 
brand  with  another,  than  is  either  the  straight  bran 
or  straight  middlings. 

Yours  trulj', 
(Signed)    JOSEPH  L.   PULLS. 

Director.  University  of  Vermont  and  State  Agricul- 
tural  College,   Agricultural    Experiment   Station. 


Office  of 

John  H.  Albin, 

Attorney   and   Counsellor   at   Law. 

Concord,  N.   H.,  April  28,   1904. 
Washburn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen: — Yours     of     the     22d     inst.     from       Mr.  John  Jhl. 
your  Feed  Department,  asking  me  to  write  you  my       Albin 
opinion  with  reference  to  "feeding  values  of  spring 
wheat  bran  and  other  by-products"  is  received,  and 
contents  noted.     I   disposed  of  my  farm   some  ten 
3-ears  ago,  and  since  then  have  not  had  occasion  to 
feed,   but  prior  to   that  time   I   used  to   feed   large 
quantities   of  wheat   middlings.     I   generally  mixed 
the  same.     My  herd  was  a  dairy  herd  and  I  thought 
that  the  bran  was  very  valuable   for  my  cows.     //       Bran 
insured  a  good  quantity  and  a  good  quality  of  milk.       p  . 

and  at  the  same  time,  I  thought  it  was  a  preventive 
of  garget  and  kindred  difficulties  with  which  the  darget 
dairy  Jersey  breed  was  especially  apt  to  be  afflicted. 
I  think  I  nsver  had  a  case  of  that  kind  in  my  herd 
of  about  sixty  head  unless  I  could  trace  it  to  ani- 
mals that  had  been  fed  on  other  feed  than  wheat 
bran  and  middlings,  or  oats.  When  corn  to  any 
extent  and  other  feeds  had  been  used,  /  found  I 
had  to  exercise  great  care  to  prevent  garget,  milk 
fever  and  the  like. 

Yours  truly, 

J.  H.  ALBIN. 

St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn.,  May  5th,  1904. 
Mr.  W.  G.  Crocker, 

Care  Washburn-Crosby  Co., 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 

My    Dear  Sir  : — Replying   to   yours   of    the  4th      Prof."Wm.  M. 
ult,    would   say   that   wheat  bran   and   other   wheat 
by-products  in  general  are  hel.d  in  high  favor  ,by  all 
feeders  of  live  stock. 

I  quote  from  Director  Jordan's  work,  "The 
Feeding  of  Animals,"  page  228:  "No  commercial 
feeding  stufifs  are  regarded  with  greater  favor  or  are 
more  widely  and  largely  purchased  by  American 
feeders  than  the  by-products  from  milling  wheat. 
Wheat  bran  and  middlings  are  cattle  foods  of  stand- 
ard excellence  whether  we  consider  composition, 
palatableness,  or  their  relation  to  the  quality  of  dairy 
produce." 

Prof.  Hecker  says  that  wheat  bran  is  the  recog- 
nized standard  milk  food  and  considering  cost  there 
is  nothing  better. 


Liggett 


25 


Bran  also 
produces 
valuable 
Fertilizer 


Director  Henry  of  the  Wisconsin  Experiment 
Station  also  speaks  in  the  highest  terrns  of  wheat 
bran  as  an  animal  food,  and  his  statements  are  based 
largely   upon  careful  personal  observation. 

Prof.  Snyder  states,  as  to  the  comparative  value 
of  wheat  bran,  corn,  oats  and  other  grains :  "It  is 
difficult  to  make  a  definite  statement  because  of  the 
lack  of  sufficient  data  upon  which  it  can  be  based. 
In  all  the  feeding  trials  which  have  been  made, 
wheat  bran  has  made  a  good  showing.  The  chief 
value  from  the  feeding  of  bran  is  undoubtedly  se- 
cured in  feeding  it  with  other  foods.  Too  fre- 
quently there  is  a  lack  of  variety  in  the  grain  ra- 
tion and  animals  tire  of  their  food."  Wheat  bran 
can  be  combined  advantageously  with  any  grain  or 
farm  product. 

The  use  of  bran  is  not  to  be  measured  alone  by 
the  amount  of  milk  or  meat  it  will  produce.  It 
also  produces  a  most  valuable  fertilizer.  The  fertil- 
ity of  the  soil  needs  to  be  kept  up.  There  is  no 
better  way  of  doing  this  than  by  keeping  live  stock 
and  utilizing  all  of  our  mill  products,  particularly 
bran,  to  the  best  advantage. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
(Signed)   WM.  M.  LIGGETT, 


Dean  and  Director,  The  University  of  Minn.  College 
and  School  of  Agriculture,  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station. 


26 


Greenville,  Maine,  April  21,  1904. 
Mr.  W.  G.  Crocker, 

Manager  Feed  Dept.  Washburn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Dear  Sir  : — In  answer  to  your  favor  of  the 
i8th  inst.,  just  received.  While  I  have  never  made 
a  thorough  test  in  the  Winter  and  Spring  wheat 
bran  and  middlings,  I  am  thoroughly  convinced  that 
there  is  a  large  difference  in  same  and  always  pur- 
chase Spring  wheat  bran  and  middlings,  and  specify 
that  in  all  my  orders.  It  is  needless  for  me  to  add 
that  I  like  the  Washburn-Crosby  goods,  and  when 
it  is  possible  get  your  goods,  even  at  a  little  ad- 
vance. 

I  have  used  the  flour  made  by  your  company 
ever  since  we  went  to  housekeeping,  some  seventeen 
years  ago. 

Yours  very  truly, 

(Signed)  LYMAN  BLAIR, 

Prop.,  Hillside  Farms. 


Mr. 
Lyman  Blair 


Spring  Bran 
Preferable 


Belfast^  Ireland,  December  9th,    1903. 
Messrs.  Washeurn-Crosey  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen  : — In-  replying  to  yours   of  the  27th 
ult. 

Ireland  has  been  for  very  many  years  a  strong- 
hold for  bran,  a  higher  price  often  being  paid  for  it 
than  for  wheat,  so  you  will  see  our   farmers  know 
the  worth  of  bran  as  a  food  for  cattle. 
Yours  very  truly, 
(Signed)  MUNSTER,  SIMMS  &  CO.     " 


A  word 

from 

Ireland 


Another 

word  from 

Ireland 


Belfast,  Ireland,   December  Qth,   1903. 
Messrs.  Munster,  Simms  &  Co., 

City. 
Dear    Sirs  : — Many    thanks    for    the    reading    of 
enclosed    letter.      Evidently    your    friends    are     only 
recognizing    now    what    has     been     known    in     this 
country   for    the    past    thirty   years   and    more,     viz : 
the  good  properties  of  bran  as  a  food  for  cattle,  es- 
pecially for  milch  cows.     If  they  come- to  the  United 
Kingdom  market  value  of  this  article,  they  will  have 
no  difficulty  in  selling  all  they  wish  to  export. 
Yours  A'cry  truly, 
(Signed)   JAMES   McCAUGHEY  &  CO. 


Bran 

measures 

efficiency  of 

other  Feed 


New  H.A.VEX,   Conn.,  April   19th,  '04. 
Washburn-Crosby  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen  : — Replying      to      your      inquiry      of 
April    14th.      Bran  and  other  by-products    from  the 
manufacture  of  flour  are  standards  for  dairymen  by 
which    they    measure    the     efficiency    and     value    of 
other  feeds.     When  these  wheat  feeds  are  clean  and 
pure  they  are  safe  and  nutritious,  and  on   most  of 
our   dairy   farms  constitute  the  basis,   and   often  the 
larger  part  of  the  grain  ration. 
Very  truly  yours, 
(Signed)  E.  H.  JENKINS,  Pii.  D. 
Director  Conn.  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 


Mr.  Frank  R. 
Sanders 


Laconia,    N.    IL,    April   5tli,    1904. 
Washeurn-Crosey  Co., 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Gentlemen  : — Yours  of  March  31st  at  hand. 
I  have  always  advised  liberal  use  of  wheat  bran  in 
feeding  and  wheat  feeds.  We  have  fed  large  quan- 
tities of  your  Bran  for  years,  even  when  nearby 
farmers  valued  bran  about  as  mucli  as  sazvdust. 
But  they  feed  bran  nozv.  It  should  form  the  basis 
of  all  dairy  rations,  to  lighten  heavy  feeds,  and  in- 
crease the  protein  content. 
Very  truly, 

(Signed)  FRANK  R.  SANDERS,     - 
Wayback   Farm. 


Prof.  Henry  has  been  very  courteous  to  us 
and  given  us  permission  to  quote  freely  from 
his  excellent  treatise  entitled  "Feeds  and  Feed- 
ing." We  therefore  beg  to  call  your  attention 
to  the  following  articles  as  they  appear  in  this 
book  : 

Article  46.  In  studying  the  digestibility  of  a 
given  feed,  the  chemist  first  determines  by  analysis 
the  percentage  of  each  of  the  nutrients  it  contains. 

Art.  go.  We  have  learned  that  the  substances 
which  enter  the  body  as  food  can  be  grouped  under 
three  great  divisions :  protein,  carbohydrates  and 
ether  extract. 

Art.  g8.  Taking  the  experiments  here  presented 
and  many  others  by  the  investigators  for  guidance, 
we  may  conclude  that  in  the  exercise  of  force  there 
is  greatly  increased  expenditure  of  the  non-nitro- 
genous constituents  of  the  food  (carbohydrates  and 
ether  extract),  and  but  little  of  tl>e  nitrogenous.  At 
the  same  time  the  importance  of  nitrogenous  food 
must  not  be  under-estimated,  for,  as  Wolff  tells  us . 
"No  one  expects  much  zvork  from  men  or  animals 
fed  on  a  diet  poor  in  nitrogen,  such  as  potatoes  and 
nee.  Fatness  of  body  is  never  considered  a  sign 
of  muscular  strength." 

Art.  107.  In  1884,  Sanborn,  of  the  ^Missouri 
Agricultural  College,  observed  more  lean  ar.d  Ie->s 
fat  in  the  bodies  of  pigs  fed  ship-stuff  (middlings) 
than  in  those  of  pigs  fed  corn  meal.  He  wrote:  "Does 
a  food  rich  in  carbohydrates  and  fat  tend  tr.  pro- 
duce an  mcreased  proportion  of  fat  to  flesh  ?    I  have 


Digestibility  of 
Feeding  Stuffs 


The  source 
of  muscular 
energy 


Sanborn's 
Findings 


The  first 
Feeding  Table 

The 

first  Feeding 
Standard 


Introduction 

of  Standards  in 

America 


heretofore    <'b-  •      ship-stuff 

(middhngs)    \vi-.i-  nLiitly  better 

muscular   developnii  '.      Experience 

convinces  me  that  the  cxcU.j::  ,"  us.:  of  corn  meal 
for  a  feeding  ration  is  detrimental  to  a  viQorous  and 
healthy  muscular  development,  producing  a  pig  easily 
subject  to  disease,  distasteful  to  our  consumers,  and 
more  costly  than  is  necessary." 

Art.  138.  The  first  attempt  to  systematically 
compare  various  feeding  stuffs  one  with  another  was 
by  Thaer,  who  in  1810  published  a  table  giving  what 
he  termed  "hay  equivalents." 

Art.  139.  In  1859  Grouven  proposed  the  first 
feeding  standard  for  farm  animals,  based  on  the  total 
quantity  cf  protein,  carbohydrates  and  ether  extract 
found  by  analysis  in  feeding  stuffs.  This  standard 
fell  short  of  requirements,  since  it  considered  the 
total  nutrients  instead  of  the  digestible  portions. 

Art.  143.  Feeding  standards  were  first  brought 
to  the  attention  of  Americans  by  Atwater  in  1874, 
and  the  efforts  of  this  teacher  and  investigator  have 
fortunately  been  continued  in  the  same  line  to  the 
present  time,  greatly  to  the  advancement  of  scientific 
agriculture  in  this  country.  Armsby's  Manual  of 
Cattle  Feeding,  based  on  Wolff's  book  on  the  same 
subject,  appeared  in  1880  and  marked  an  area  in 
the  educational  development  of  this  topic.  From 
these  sources  the  students  in  our  agricultural  col- 
leges, writers  and  lecturers  have  come  to  know  of 
feeding  standards,  and  through  them,  thousands  of 
feeders  have  learned  to  calculate  rations  for  farm 
animals. 


WHEAT  AND  ITS  BY-PRODUCTS  IN  MILLING. 
(Page  126.) 

DIGESTIBLE  NUTRIENTS  AND   FERTILIZING  CONSTITUENTS. 


DigestibleNutri- 
ents  in  100  lbs. 

Fertilizing  Con- 
stituents in 
1000  lbs. 

Name  of  Feed 

B 

o 
u 

■pes 

o 

c" 

ha 
O 
u 

g 

o 

o' 
a 

o 

Whpat 

lbs. 
895 
87.6 
87.6 
90..3 
88.1 

88.5 

87.7 
88.2 
87.9 
88.4 

lbs. 

10.2 
8.9 
8.2 

13.5 

12.2 

12.9 

12.3 

12.2 
12.8 
9.8 

lbs. 
69.2 
62.4 
62.7 
61.3 
39.2 

40.1 

37.1 
fO.O 
53  0 
51.0 

lbs. 
1.7 
0.9 
0.9 
2.0 
2.7 

3.4 

2.6 
3.8 
3.4 
2.2 

lbs. 
23.6 

18.9 
28.9 
31.8 
26.7 

lbs. 
7.9 
2.2 
5.6 
21.4 
1:8.9 

lbs. 
50 

High-grade  flour. 
Low  grade  flour.. 
Dark  feedi'g  flour 

Wheat  bran 

Wheat  bran, 

spring  wheat... 
Wheat  bran. 

1.5 
3.5 
10.9 
16.1 

Wheat  shorts 
AV'heat  middlings 
Wheat  screenings 

28.2 
26.3 
24.4 

13.5 
9.0 

11.7- 

5.9 
6.3 

8.4 

Art.  iC6.  Compared  with  corn,  wheat  carries  a 
higher  percentage  of  starch,  less  ether  extract  and 
more  protein.  Thus  it  more  clearly  furnishes  a 
balanced  ration  for  farm  animals.  It  follows  that 
this  grain  meets  the  requirements  of  young  and 
growing  animals  better  than  corn,  a  statement  which 
is  corroborated  by  the  experience  of  feeders. 

Art.  175.  Wheat  bran  carries,  as  we  have  seen, 
a  considerable  amount  of  crude  fiber,  somewhat  re- 
sembling .straw  in  this  particular.  It  differs  from 
straw  in  that  the  inner  surface  of  the  Bran  flakes 
is  made  up  of  the  aleurone  layer  of  the  wheat  grain, 
which  is  very  rich  in  protein  and  in  addition  carries 
some  starch.  Understanding  its  character  and  com- 
position, we  are  in  a  position  to  make  the  best  use 
of  this  abundant  by-product  in  feeding  farm  stock. 
With  some  horsemen  bi"an  is  fed  only  occasionally, 
being  supplied  once  or  twice  a  week  in  the  form  of 
a  "mash,"  made  by  scalding  with  hot  water,  in  which 
case  it  is  a  mild  laxative  and  very  beneficial.  Bran 
has,  however,  become  a  common  feed  in  many  well 
managed  stables.  At  the  Stanford  horse  farm,  a 
few  years  since,  the  writer  found  it  being  fed  in 
moderate  quantity  to  horses  of  all  ages,  from  wean- 
lings to  stallions  and  brood  mares.  Bran  is  quite 
commonly  used  in  feeding  omnibus  and  cab  horses. 
Hard-worked  horses,  which  have  neither  the  time 
nor  the  energy  to  digest  feeds  with  much  bulk,  should 


Wheat 
Grain 


Bi 


Desirable 
for  Horses 


Bran  par 
Excellence 


characliT       <',)(, \.  ,, 
lions  i-'m  1)(    ft-il   •'/;•, 
heca'iiM'   I'i  ihc   Irtfjc   a. 
protein    it    contain^,    iis 
it  with  tlu'se  animal  =. 
admirahlv    with    corn    i 


•i'-.-  its  coarse,  fibrous 
1(1  mares  and  stal- 
.  th  excellent  results 
ifiMiit  lit  mhieral  matter  and 
\  Ml'ime  not  working  against 
In  -teer  feeding  bran  serves 
n   anv    form.      Fed   with    this 


grain  it  gives  bulk,  supplies  protein,  and  keeps  the 
animal  from  cloying,  as  it  may  when  long  maintained 
on  a  single  kind  of  feed,  such  as  corn.  The  stock- 
man feeding  corn  to  his  steers  will  find  them  mak- 
ing better  gains  and  showing,  better  condition  by 
using  bran  for  one-third  of  the  concentrates.  The 
light  character  of  the  bran  is  well  shown  in  cases  of 
over-feeding.  Though  a  horse  or  a  cow  may  be 
gorged  with  bran,  it  usually  suffers  no  marked  in- 
convem'ence  therefrom,  while  an  over-feed  of  corn  or 
cotton-seed  meal  may  produce  fatal  gastric  disturb- 
ances. 

Bran  is  par  excellence  a  leading  feed  for  the 
dairy  cow,  furnishing  not  only  bulk,  a  desirable  qual- 
ity in  this  case,  but  protein  and  ash  matter,  which 
are  so  much  needed  in  the  formation  of  milk.  As  a 
complementary  food  to  corn  meal,  the  combination 
of  bran  and  that  grain  is  not  to  be  excelled.  For 
young  pigs  bran  is  too  course  and  straw-like,  and 
middlings  should  be  substituted  for  it.  For  brood 
sows  and  older  animals  some  bran  may  be  fed  with 
profit,  and  may  prove  very  useful  if  the  remainder 
of  the  ration  is  to  be  in  concentrated  form,  for 
volume  is  necessary  with  the  feed  of  such  animals. 
This  by-product  is  also  very  satisfactory  in  the  sheep- 
3'ard,  being  relished  by  fattening  sheep,  breeding 
ewes  and  growing  lambs. 


Art.  1/6.  We  learn  from  the  table  (See  page 
263.  Table  and  Article  414  as  later  appear)  that 
the  wheat  grain  is  somewhat  richer  in  nitrogen  and  Fertilizing 
mineral  matter  than  corn.  The  by-products  of  Ingredients 
wheat  in  milling  are  much  richer  in  these  particu- 
lars than  the  grain  from  zvhich  they  are  derived. 
High-grade  fiour  is  not  rich  in  nitrogen  or  mineral 
matter.  Low-grade  flour  is  rich  in  nitrogen  but  low 
in  mineral  matter.  Dark  feeding  flour  is  rich  in 
nitrogen  and  mineral  matter.  Bran  and  shorts  carry 
all  the  elements  of  fertility  in  a  large  quantity,  and 
for  this  reason  are  highly  appreciated  by  those  feed- 
ers whose  interest  reaches  beyond  their  cattle  to 
the  lands  they  till.  When  very  low  in  price,  bran 
may  he  used  as  a  fertilizer  by  direct  application  to 
ihe  land,  but  such  perversion  should  not  be  tolerated. 
It  should  be  first  fed  to  animals,  and,  through  their 
droppings,  it  will  reach  the  land  almost  undiminished 
in  fertility. 

The  great  Northwest  is  now  largely  devoted  to 
Avheat  growing.  Here  the  farmers  are  gathering 
into  the  wheat  grains  the  fertility  which  has  been 
accumulating  for  ages.  Prudent  farmers  and  stock- 
men further  east,  knowing  of  the  fertilizing  ingre- 
dients in  the  by-products  of  the  flouring  mills,  are 
making  large  use  of  them,  and  by  carefully  saving 
the  droppings  from  their  cattle  and  applying  them 
to  the  land,  are  transferring  the  great  fertility  of 
the  Northwest  to  other  districts.  In  this  depletion 
of  the  soil  of  the  Northwest  by  almost  exclusive 
Avheat  growing,  and  in  transferring  the  fertility 
taken  up  by  this  crop  to  other  regions  in  the  by- 
products of  milling,  we  are  experiencing  one  of  the 
greatest  economic  changes  ever  witnessed  in  Ameri- 
can agriculture. 

Art.   413.     Phosphoric   acid   and   potash    are   the       Essentia 
two  mineral  compounds  which  are  not  always  held       constituents  of 
by   the    soil    in    sufficient   quantity   to    give    profitable       p   rtiliyprs 
crops  and  must  be  supplied  in  the  form  of  manure  or 
fertilizers. 

Art.  4x4.  The  quantity  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric 
acid  and  potash  found  in  the  various  feeding  stufifs 
is  given  in  Table  No.  3  of  the  Appendix.  The  ex- 
amples presented  below  are  abstracted  from  that 
table  for  the  purpose  of  illustration : 


XTS     IN     1.000 


Commercial 
Fertilizers 


Feeding  Stuffs 

Kiirog-cn 

Piio-Til)'iric 
A.  id. 

Potash 

Wheat  straw 

Timothy  hay 

Clover  hay...... 

Corn                     

LI)?. 
5.!) 
12.6 
20.7 
18.2 
23.6 
26  7 
51.3 

Lb.s. 
1.2 
5.3 

3  8 

7.0 

7.9 

2.-^0 

IGIJ 

Lbs. 
5.1 
9.0 

22.0 
40 

Wheat 

5.0 

16.1 

Oil  nieal,0.  P  -     .. 

13.7 

From  this  table  we  learn  that  wheat  straw  con- 
tams  5.9  pounds  of  nitrogen,  and  timothy"  hay  more 
than  twice  as  much,  or  12.6  pounds.  Clover  hay  is 
richer  than  timothy  hay  in  nitrogen,  and  especially 
in  potash,  though  poorer  in  phosphoric  acid.  We 
observe  a  larger  quantity  of  all  fertilizing  constit- 
uents, especially  phosphoric  acid  and  potash,  in 
zvheat  bran  than  in  the  zuheat  grain,  from 
which  bran  is  derived.  This  is  because  the  starchy 
part  of  the  wheat  grain  used  for  flour  holds  little 
fertility,  while  the  outside  portion  of  the  grain  which 
goes  into  the  bran  contains  most  of  the  nitrogen  and 
ash. 

Art.  420.  The  soil  in  parts  of  our  country  is 
now  so  depleted  that  farmers  and  planters  are  forced 
to  make  large  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  in  order 
to  secure  remunerative  crops.  The  commercial  fer- 
tilizers sold  in  the  United  States  during  the  year 
1896  amounted  to  1,355,000  tons.  Placing  a  value 
on  these  of  $20.00   per   ton,    a   reasonable   estimate, 


34 


we  have  a  total  of  over  $27,000,000  paid  out  by 
farmers  and  gardeners  living  mainlj'  in  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  states  for  commercial  fertilizers  in  a  single 
3-ear.  For  the  year  1895  the  farmers  of  Connecticut 
expended  over  $700,000,  and  those  in  New  Jersey 
$io75)000  for  commercial  fertilizers. 

The  market  value  of  com.mercial  fertilizers  is 
based  on  their  content  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid 
and  potash.  Because  of  the  enormous  quantity  of 
fertilizers  used,  each  of  their  three  valuable  con- 
stituents has  a  definite  market  value.  The  average 
price  of  these  ingredients  in  the  wholesale  market 
is  as  follows:  Nitrogen,  15;  phosphoric  acid,  7;  and 
potash  4.5  cents  per  pound.  The  prices  of  these 
articles  do  not  fluctuate  any  more  than  do  those  of 
other  standard  articles  of  commerce. 

Art.  421.  If  we  follow  the  plan  adopted  by 
some  Eastern  Stations  of  placing  the  same  values 
on  nitroeen,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash  in  feed- 
ing stuffs  that  these  constituents  bring  when  sold 
in  commercial  fertilizers,  we  are  in  a  position  to 
compare  the  fertilizing  values  of  the  several  feed 
stuffs.  Wheat  bran  and  corn  are  compared  in  the 
table  below : 

VALUE  OF  THE    FERTILIZING    CONSTITUENTS    IN    1,000    POUNDS 
OF  WHEAT  BEAN  AND  CORN. 


Valuation  of 
Fertilizer 
constituents  in 
Feeding  Stuffs 


Wheat  Bran 

Corn 

Constituents 

a 
o 
o 

o 

m 

-a 
§ 

CD 

Nitrogen 

26.7 
28.9 
16.1 

Cts. 
15 

7 

4.5 

Dols. 

4.00 
2.02 

.72 

18 
7 

4 

Cts. 
15 

7 

4.5 

Dols. 
2.70 

Ptiospboric  Acid 

.49 

.18 

Total    

6.74 

3.37 

From  the  above  we  learn  that  the  value  of  the 
fertilizing  constituents  in  i,ooo  pounds  of  bran  is 
$6.74,  and  in  the  same  weight  of  corn  one-half  as 
much,  or  $3.37.  By  dojbling  these  figures  we  have 
the  following; 
Value   of   fertilizing   constituents   in    i    ton   of 

wheat  bran $1348 

Value   of   fertilizing   constituents   in    i    ton   of 

corn    •• . .  6.74 


Value  of 

Farm  Manure 

per  ton 


Art.  422.  The  farmer  will  ask  if  it  is  here  taught 
that  he  can  get  returns  of  $13.48  by  the  application 
of  one  ton  of  bran  to  his  land  as  a  fertilizer.  Such 
a  deduction  is  not  the  purpose  of  these  figures. 
They  mean,  however,  that  a  ton  of  bran  contains 
nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid  and  potash  in  such  amount 
that  if  bought  in  the  form  of  commercial  fertilizers 
they  ■would  cost  at  least  the  sum  named.  They 
mean  that  the  farmer  Avho  harvests  a  ton  of  corn 
and  seeks  to  return  to  the  field  the  same  amount 
of  fertility  that  was  abstracted  bj^  this  crop  must 
pay  not  less  than  $6.74  for  the  requisite  fertilizers 
if  bought  in  the  market.  Virgin  soil  as  a  rule  con- 
tains a  large  amount  of  available  fertility,  and  pioneer 
farmers,  drawing  upon  Nature's  store,  give  little 
consideration  to  the  subject.  .  The  Western  farmer 
cultivating  prairie  lands^  when  marketing  corn  con- 
siders that  in  so  doing  he  is  selling  labor  and  per- 
haps rent  of  the  land ;  but  rarely  does  he  realize 
that  he  is  also  selling  fertility,  to  replace  which 
would  cost  as  much. and  often  more  than  the  crop 
.brings.  The  Eastern  farmer  and  Southern  planter 
are  now  cultivating  soils  which  have  been  so  de- 
pleted of  available  plant  food  that  the  subject  of 
fertilizers  is  a  matter  of  the  deepest  concern  to 
them. 

Art.  424.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
value  of  farm  manures  depends  primarily  upon  the 
character  of  the  feed  given,  and,  in  the  second 
place,  upon  the  animal  to  which  the  feed  is  supplied. 
Manure  which  originates  from  the  use  of  concen- 
trated feeding  stuffs  usually  has  a  high  value,  be- 
cause such  feeds  are  rich"-  in  nitrogen,  phosphoric 
acid  and  potash.  Manure  resulting  from  the  use 
of  straw  and  coarse  forage  has  a  correspondingly 
low  value. 


36 


Art.  463.  Shepperd  compared  bran  and  oats  as 
a  feed  for  work  horses  and  mules  in  summer,  eight 
horses  and  four  inules  beinsj  used.  The  animals 
were  divided  into  two  even  lots,  all  receiving  good 
prairie  hay  for  roughage.  To  one  lot  was  fed  oats, 
while  the  other  received  a  mixture  of  bran  and 
shorts,  equal  parts  by  weight.  The  horses  averaged 
somewhat  more  than  seven  hours'  work  per  day,  the 
labor  being  quite  severe : 


Bran  and 
Shorts 

compared  with 
Oats 


BKAN    AND     SHORTS,     EQUAL    PARTS     BY    WEIGHT,     COMPARED 
WITH  OATS— NORTH  DAKOTA   STATION. 


Grain 

Gain  or 

Work 

Eaten 

Loss  in 

Done 

Weight 

Feeding-  Bran  and  Shorts- 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Hours 

Total, equal  to  876  horsesoneday 

12910 

Loss  10 

5705 

Weekly  average,  per  horse. 

103 

Loss     1-12 

46 

Feeding-  Oats- 

Total,  equal  to  79?  horsesone  day 

11838 

Gain  10 

4796 

Weekly  average,  per  horse 

105 

Gain    1-12 

42 

It  is  shown  that  the  horses  fed  bran  and  shorts 
ate  somewhat  less  concentrates  per  week,  lost  a 
little  in  weight,  but  did  three  and  one-half  hours 
more  work  per  week  each  than  these  fed  oats.  Upon 
the  zvhole,  bran  and  shorts  proved  of  equal  ivorth 
to  oats  for  feeding  horses  and  mules. 

Art.  505.  Bran  has  come  into  general  use  as 
part  feed  for  the  horse.  Shorts  or  Middlings  may 
be  used  to  the  extent  of  two  or  three  pounds  per 
day. 

Art.  544.  An  experiment  is  reported  from  Min- 
neapolis in  which  the  lightest  bran  made  was  fed 
with  hay  to  fifteen  common  steers  for  a  period  of 
four  months.  Each  animal  was  fed  separately,  all 
feed  being  weighed.  The  steers  were  allowed  exer- 
cise in  a  small  yard.  The  steers  weighed  from  800 
to  1,100  pounds  at  the  time  the  experiment  began 
in  May,  1886.  The  following  summarizes  the  re- 
sults : 

Pounds 

Total  bran  fed 24,064 

Total  hay  fed 28,925 

Total  gain  in  weight,  15  steers 3,545 

Average  gain  in  weight  (four  months) 236 

Feed  for  100  pounds  gain |  '^^^      ^J^ 

These  satisfactory  gains  show  that  bran  may  be 
successfully  used  for  fattening  steers. 


Feeding  the 
Work  Horse 


Bran  for 
Steers 


Bran  is 
Cooling 


Wheat  Bran 
compared  with 
Mixed    Grain 


was    at  first 
Gradually  the 

steer   feedc.    ,  ••irr-ction  with 

other  grain  ii'  its  bulky 

character    and  .'^imy    la.^auvx   proper- 

ties, bran  is  n  i  dilutent  for  corn  meal, 

cotton-seed  mi  -uxi   heavy  food  substances. 

Art.  646  (  -  •  i.-^sl  in  Kentucky  Bulletin  No. 
106.)  During  the  \ears  1893-4  extensive  feeding 
trials  were  conducted  by  the  Copenhagen  Experi- 
ment Station  on  the  estates  of  dairy  farmers.  In 
these  trials  447  cows  were  used.  One  lot  of  cows  on 
each  estate  was  fed  a  mixture  of  barley  and  oats ; 
a  second  was  fed  one-half  wheat  bran  and  one-half 
grain  mixture ;  while  a  third  lot  received  wheat  bran 
only.  The  results  briefly  summarized  were  as  fol- 
lows : 

FEEDING  MIXED  GRAIN  AND   WHEAT  BRAN  TO  447  DAIRY  COWS 
—  COPENHAGEN  (DENMARK)    STATION. 


Average   milk    yield    per   cow, 

pounds 

Average  per  cent  solids  in  milk.. 
Average  per  cent  fat  in  milk 


Mixed 
Grain 


21.9 
11.66 
3.04 


One-half 
Grain. one- 
half  Bran 


22.1 
11.75 
3.11 


Wheat 

Bran 

Only 


22.1 
11.77 
3.12 


These  results  agree  closely,  and  from  them  we 
may  assume  that  wheat  bran  is  of  equal  feeding 
value  for  milch  cows  with  a  mixture  of  barley  and 
oats. 

The  findings  of  this  test,  are  of  great  value  be- 
cause of  the  large  number  of  cows  used  in  it  and 
from  the  further  fact  that  the  animals  were  on 
various  large  farms  under  normal  conditions,  while 
all  the  observations  were  taken  and  recorded  by 
Station  officials. 


Art.  719.  Next  to  corn,  wheat  bran  is  the  great 
cow  feed  of  this  country.  Rich  in  ash  and  protein, 
carrying  a  fair  amount  of  starchy  matter,  its  light, 
chaffy  character  renders  it  the  natural  complement 
of  heavy  corn  meal.  Though  its  nutritive  constitu- 
ents approximate  those  of  cotton-seed  meal,  it  mixes 
well  with  that  feed,  causing  it  to  lie  more  lightly  in 
the  stomach. 

The  large  amount  of  mineral  matter  in  bran  is 
another  factor  of  much  importance  in  milk  produc- 
tion. In  milk  there  is  much  mineral  matter,  placed 
there  for  the  frame  work  of  the  calf,  and  bran  sup- 
plies this  more  abundantly  than  most  feeding  stuffs. 

Middlings,  like  bran,  are  extensively  fed  to  dairy 
cows.  Being  themselves  heavy  in  character,  they 
do  not  mix  well  with  heavy  feeds  like  cotton-seed 
meal  and  corn  meal.  Dairymen  will  find  middlings 
much  relished  by  coWs  and  yielding  satisfactory  re- 
turns. Bran  and  middlings  are  conceded  by  all  who 
have  fed  them  to  favorably  affect  the  flow  of  milk. 

Cows  may  be  fed  as  much  as  six  to  eight  pounds 
of  bran  daily  and  from  four  to  six  pounds  of  mid- 
dlings. 

Art.  854.  At  the  Wisconsin  Station,  the  writer 
fed  three  lots  of  three  pigs  each  on  corn  meal  and 
middlings,  giving  the  first  corn  meal,  the  second 
middlings,  and  a  third  the  mixture  of  the  two,  equal 
parts. 

At  the  Missouri  Agricultural  College,  Sanborn 
conducted  two  trials  with  middlings  in  comparison 
with  corn  and  corn  meal.  The  results  of  these  trials 
are  summarized  below : 


Wheat 
Bran  and 
Middlings 


Middlings 


39 


COMPAnATIVE  VALUE  OF  ^^DDI,r^'GS  AND  COKN  MEAL  FOK 
riG  FEEDING— WISCONSIN  STATION  AND  MISSOURI  AGEI- 
rULTUEAL  COLLEGE. 


Station  and  Feed 


Wisconsin  Station- 
Lot  1,  corn  meal 

Lot  2,  middlings 

Lot  3.  equal  parts  mid- 
dlings and  corn  meal 

Missouri  College 

Lot  1,  corn  meal 

Lot  2,  middlings 

Missouri  College- 
Lot  1,  corn 

Lot  2,  middlings 


Days 
led 


42 


116 
116 


Feed 
Eaten 


Lbs. 
559 
501 

470 

1G12 
1524 

397 
334 


Gain 


Lbs. 
104 

m 

107 

250 
252 

79 
91 


Feed  for 

100  lbs. 

Gain 


Lbs. 
537 
522 

439 

f!45 
605 

502 

3'J7 


In  these  trials  middlings  proved  superior  to  corn, 
Sanborn's  second  trial  showing  a  remarkably  high 
value  for  this  feed.  This  investigator,  commenting 
on  this  by-product  of  v^heat  milling,  writes  .'  "The 
economy  of  ship-stuff  (middlings)  compared  with 
corn  has  been  noted  by  me  every  year  for  seven 
years,  the  figures  of  which  are  as  loS  to  loo." 

The  economy  of  feeding  middlings  and  corn 
meal  in  combination  instead  of  separately  is  shown 
in  the  Wisconsin  trial,  where  439  lbs.  of  the  corn- 
middlings  mixture  proved  as  valuable  as  522  of  mid- 
dlings or  537  of  corn  meal  when  fed  separately. 
While  middlings  were  superior  to  corn  when  fed 
alone,  a  combination  of  the  two  proved  twenty  per 
cent  more  economical  than  middlings  alone. 


One  more 

word  about 

Bran 


Art.  923.  Bran  may  be  fed  with  good  result:? 
to  breeding  stock  and  to  a  limited  extent  to  fatten- 
ing swine,  the  amount  in  the  latter  case  being  re- 
stricted, lest  the  volume  of  the  feed  be  too  much 
increased.  Harris  recommends  that  bran  be  sup- 
plied to  pigs  in  a  separate  trough,  where  they  can 
eat  it  at  will. 


BRAN :  We  have  already  said  much  to  you  on  this 
product  and  still  one-tenth  of  its  goodness  has 
not  been  told.  It  will  pay  you  well  to  in- 
vestigate Bran  and  experiment  with  it  as 
against  other  feeds.  After  you  have  tired  of 
all  the  rest  in  this  book  read  the  "Bran"  part 
again — it  means  dollars  and  cents  to  you. 

SHORTS  OR  STANDARD  MIDDLINGS:  This 
grade  is  a  little  heavier  than  Bran,  consisting 
of  fine  particles  of  the  Bran,  together  with 
a  small  percentage  of  Low  Grade  Flour.  It, 
therefore,  contains  slightly  more  protein  than 
Bran,  also  a  higher  percentage  of  fat.  It  is 
an  excellent  feed  to  be  mixed  with  Bran  for 
cattle,  and  is  especialUy  desirable  for  fatten- 
ing young  swine. 

MIXED  FEEDS.'  This  grade  is  the  mill  run  of 
Bran,  Shorts  and  Low  Grade  (or  so-called 
"Red  Dog'')  Flour.  It  contains  a  nigher  per- 
centage of  protein  than  Bran,  necessarily  more 
expensive,  but  a  very  popular  feed,  and  is 
more  of  a  substitute  for  an  assorted  ration. 
This  is  a  comprehensive  name,  so  look  out  for 
imitations.  Some  of  the  so-called  "Mixed 
Feeds"  offered  by  the  oat  meal  mills,  being 
mixtures  of  wheat  Red  Dog,  oat  hulls,  chaff, 
etc.,  are  comparatively  worthless  and  dan- 
gerous. 

FLOUR  MIDDLINGS :     This  grade  is  composed  of 
Shorts    and    Red    Dog    Flour,   carries    a    high 
percentage   of  protein   as   well   as    fat,    and   is 
especially  adapted  to  the  fatten- 
ing of  swine  and  young   cattle. 
This   name   also   covers  a  wide 
latitude  of  grades.     It  is  an  ex- 
cellent substitute  for  corn  and  its 
products,  and   gives  more  satis- 
factory results. 

RED  DOG  FLOUR  : 
This  grade  consti- 
tutes the  lowest 
class  of  Flour,  is 
the  heaviest  feed, 
contains  the 
highest  percentage 
of  protein  and  fat, 
and  is  used  chiefly 
for  fattening  young 
swine. 


The  kind  of 
Wheat  Feed 
and  their 

Uses 


Average 
Chemical 
Analyses 


W-  :mill  feed. 

BR-..,. 

Protein 16.82% 

Carbohj-drates, 61.64 

Ash 6  42 

Fat 4.46 

SHORTS: 

Protein 19.62% 

Carbohydrates 61. G2 

Ash 4.73 

Fat 6.28 

MIXED   FEED: 

Protein 18.87% 

Carbohydrates 60  84 

Ash 5.17 

Fat 5.13 

FLOUR  MIDDLINGS: 

Protein 20.51% 

Carbohydrates 59.02. 

Ash 3.90 

Fat 5.90 

RED  DOG: 

Protein 21.06% 

Carbohydrates 60  11 

Ash 3  38 

Fat '. 6.16 


j.t  is  easy  to  answer  the  question,  Why 
Use  Bran  ? 

Because,  considering  its  merits,  it  is  the 
cheapest  concentrated  food  on  the  market. 

Because  it  is  an  aid  to  digestion. 

Because  of  its  high  fertilizing  qualities. 
The  United  States  Census  Bureau  showed 
that  in  1000  there  were  5,737,3(32  farms  in 
the  United  States,  and  that  in  1899  there 
was  paid  out  for  commercial  fertilizers 
^51,783,757,  or  $10.00  per  farm.  Stop  buy- 
ing these  comviercial  fertilizers  and  feed- 
more  Bra?i.  Its  manurial  value  is  worth 
50%  of  its  cost  in  the  Eastern  states  and 
75%  in  the  west. 

Because  it  is  pure  and  palatable. 

Because  experience  proves  that  it  is  a 
paying  proposition. 

Because  the  best  authorities  advise  its 
use. 

Because  the  most  practical  feeders  use  it. 

Because  Agricultural  Experimetit  Sta- 
tions w411  tell  you  that  it  should  constitute 
an  important  part  of  the  food  ration. 


Why 

Use 

Bran? 


DON'T  TAKE 
OUR  WORD 
FOR  IT,. BUT 
STUDY  THE 
BUULETINS. 


4  ,.       ^ 

43 


ashburn- 
Crosby 

A  Mill 


WE  HAVE  nearly  finished,  but  we 
want  to  add  a  few  more  facts.  We 
have  spoken  of  the  cow,  the  man,  the 
food,  and  now  just  a  v/ord  about  the  Great 
Mills  that  produce  this  feed. 

Our  plant  is  the  largest  and  most  per- 
fect in  the  world;  our  capacity  being  greater 
than  that  of  any  other  Milling  Company; 
namely,  87,000  barrels  of  flour  per  day, 
which  means  an  output  of  2,590,000  pounds 
of  Mill  Feed  per  day.  Inconceivable  as  this 
may  seem,  it  is  not  bombast,  but  actual 
fact. 

To  make  this  amount  of  flour  and  feed 
requires  175,750  bushels  of  wheat  each  24 
hours  and  500  cars  to  handle  the  products 
in  and  out  of  our  mills.  Were  our  goods 
not  of  the  very  highest  quality  we  certainly 
would  not  need  so  large  a  capacity  to  care 
for  our  constantly  increasing  trade. 


If  you  are  not  already  using  our  flour 
you  are  missing  one  of  the  luxuries  of  life, 
and  if  you  are  not  buying  Washburn- 
Crosby  Co.'s  different  grades  of  Mill  Feed 
you  are  not  getting  the  best  value  for 
your  money.  We  candidly  admit  that  we 
are  anxious  for  your  patronage  and  in  re- 
turn we  promise  to  give  you  full  value  re- 
ceived. Remember,  please,  that  every  pack- 
age of  our  feed  bears  our  full  name,  "Wash- 
burn-Crosby Co.,"  and  is  pure,  sweet  and 
fresh  ground. 

Also  kindly  bear  in  mind  that  you  \vant 
the  genuine  article.  Do  not  be  satisfied 
with  brands  which  3^our  dealer  may  say  are 
"just  as  good."  If  they  are  just  as  good, 
get  the  original  and  take  no  chances.  This 
is  important,  and  let  us,  therefore,  caution 
you  again  to  be  sure  that  "Washburn- 
Crosby  Co."  appears  on  the  package. 


1 


3  ;  3  3  S  C  J  , 


45 


WASHBURN-CROSBY'S  MINNEAPOLIS  PLANT. 


Remember 
This 


WHIJ^E  tlie  great  Minneapolis  Mills 
are  producing  10,000,000  barrels  of 
flour  per  annum  for  man,  incidentally 
the)-  are  turning  out  about  1,120,000,000 
pounds  of  feed  for  beast.  C.  Volumes  have 
been  written  about  Washburn-Crosby's  floiir 
and  its  merits.  It  is  known  in  every  civil- 
ized corner  of  the  globe  and  is  shipped  to 
every  country  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  The 
by-products  (which  are  about  30%  of  the 
wheat)  constitute  what  might  be  called  an 
independent  industry.  As  man  cannot 
live  by  bread  alone,  neither  can  beast  live 
on  hay  alone  ;  that  is,  to  secure  the  best 
results. 

About  fifty  years  ago  English  feeders 
realized  the  importance  of  wheat  by-pro- 
ducts as  a  valuable  feed  for  the  dairy  cow 
and   stock    in    g^eneral.      Economic    condi- 


46 


tions  made  it  necessary  for  him  to  feed  his 
cattle  on  scientific  principles.  As  our  own 
country  developed  we  took  the  cue  from 
good  old  England,  and  about  twenty  years 
ago  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations  were 
established  in  the  Eastern  States.  These 
have  grown  until  nearly  every  state  in  the 
Union  is  making  a  study  of  everything  per- 
taining to  the  farm.  Nothing  has  done 
more  to  show  the  value  of  wheat  feeds  than 
these  same  colleges. 

It  is  now  an  acknowledged  fact,  that  to 
secure  the  best  results  from  a  herd  Bran 
must  be  a  valuable  portion  of  the  feed  ra- 
tion, and  used  continually.  Bran  is  as  nec- 
essary to  the  farmers  barn  as  bread  is  to  his 
table, 

This  commodity,  on  account  of  its  con- 
stituents, is  the  cream  of  feed  for  the  dairy 
cow;  containing  a  much  higher  percentage 
of  protein  than  general  farm  feed.  It  is 
clean,  pure  and  highly  digestible;  and,  on 
account  of  its  coarseness  and  bulk,  is  desir- 
able as  a  vehicle  in  feeding  the  more  con- 
centrated feeds  which  the  farmer  may  deem 
advisable  to  give  from  time  to  time,  such 
as  Cotton-Seed  Meal,  Oil  Meal,  Corn  Meal, 
etc.,  too  heavy  in  themselves  to  feed  alone. 
In  this  connection  it  is  also  an  excellent  ra- 
tion for  horses. 

The  heavier  grades  of  feed  and  Red  Dog 
are  especially  adapted  to  the  fattening  of 
cattle  and  swine;  being  more  desirable  in 
some  ways  than  corn  or  its  products. 

During  the  high  prices  two  years  ago 
many  Eastern  farmers  used  substitutes 
cheaper  in-  price,  but  found  to  their  regret 
that  it  was  false  economy. 


Incidentally,  the  experiments  at  tlie 
Agricultural  Stations  prove  the  superiority 
of  Spring  over  Winter  Wheat  Feed. 

It  is  now  a  fact,  fully  established,  that 
the  feeder  or  dairyman  who  tries  to  do  with- 
out Bran  and  the  other  grades  of  Mill  Feed 
is  being  seriously  handicapped.  The  lay 
feeder  never  stops  to  discriminate,  or  even 
consider  the  fact  that  one  kind  of  feed  is 
not  as  good  as  another.  His  father  and  his 
grandfather  used  mostly  corn,  oats,  barley, 
and  their  products.  But  his  progressive 
brother  studies  the  Agricultural  Reports 
(which  can  be  obtained  on  application) 
and  makes  a  decided  success  of  what  other- 
wise might  prove  a  drudgery  and  an  unen- 
viable existence. 

In  Denmark,  the  greatest  dairy  country 
in  the  world,  Bran  is  highly  esteemed,  sup- 
plies being  obtained  from  the  Argentine 
Republic,  Russia,  England  and  Canada, 
and  at  times  within  the  past  few  years  from 
the  United  States. 

Thus,  in  conclusion,  it  must  be  readily 
conceded  that  while  flour  is  the  staff  of  life 
for  man,  wheat  feed  is  the  staff  of  life  for 
beast. 


48 


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